A Harvard group of cardiologists published two studies in JAMA showing that when patients are sent for bypass surgery or angioplasty, 75-80%% were judged not to require the procedure upon referral for second opinion.
Then, in the journal Circulation, there was no difference in survival between patients
randomized to have either bypass surgery or conservative medical treatment.
Even worse, the Lancet showed that when patients were randomized to have either angioplasty or conservative medical treatment, the angioplasty group actually had more heart attacks and deaths (6.3%%) than the medical group (3.3%%).
Therefore, the published data show that these invasive and expensive procedures
are 75-80%% unjustified and do not improve survival overall.
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